Fuel properties and emissions of soybean oil esters as diesel fuel

The effects of using blends of methyl and isopropyl esters of soybean oil with No. 2 diesel fuel were studied at several steady-state operating conditions in a four-cylinder turbocharged diesel engine. Fuel blends that contained 20, 50, and 70% methyl soyate and 20 and 50% isopropyl soyate were tested. Fuel properties, such as cetane number, also were investigated. Both methyl and isopropyl esters provided significant reductions in particulate emissions compared with No. 2 diesel fuel. A blend of 50% methyl ester and 50% No. 2 diesel fuel provided a reduction of 37% in the carbon portion of the particulates and 25% in the total particulates. The 50% blend of isopropyl ester and 50% No. 2 diesel fuel gave a 55% reduction in carbon and a 28% reduction in total particulate emissions. Emissions of carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbons also were reduced significantly. Oxides of nitrogen increased by 12%.     

对我国有机硅工业现状及其发展的一些看法

回顾了我国有机硅工业的发展历史，并对国内外有机硅单体甲基氯硅烷的生产技术水平进行了对比，分析了我国与国外在甲基氯硅烷生产技术水平方面的差距，提出了发展我国有机硅工业的建议。     

Estimation of heat of combustion of triglycerides and fatty acid methyl esters

Equations were developed for the estimation of gross heat of combustion (HG) of triglycerides (TGs) and fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) from their saponification number (SN) and iodine value (IV). HG of TG=1,896,000/SN − 0.6 IV — 1600 and HG of FAME=618,000/SN − 0.08 IV — 430. When these equations were tested on cottonseed oil, soybean oil, partially hydrogenated soybean oil, peanut oil, sunflower oil, sunflower oil methyl esters, soybean oil methyl esters and cottonseed oil methyl esters, predicted HG values agreed well with those reported in the literature.     

Neutral Pd(II) and Ni(II) Acetylide Catalysts for the Polymerization of Methyl Methacrylate

Homogenous polymerization of methyl methacrylate using Pd(II)- and Ni(II)-based acetylide complexes as initiators has been investigated. M(PR'₃)₂(CCR)₂ (M=Pd, Ni; R'=PPh₃, Pn-Bu₃; R=Ph, CH₂OH, CH₂OOCCH₃, CH₂OOCPh, CH₂OOCPhOH-o) were found to be a novel type of effective initiators for the polymerization of methyl methacrylate. Among them, Pd(C CPh)₂(PPh₃)₂ (PPP) shows the highest activity in the MMA polymerization and the PMMA obtained is a syndiotactic polymer with high number-average molecular weight (M _n) of 14.1 × 10⁴. Some features and kinetic behavior of MMA polymerization initiated by PPP were studied in detail. The polymerization reaction is first-order with respect to both [PPP] and [MMA]. Radical polymerization mechanism is proposed.     

N-甲基吗啉绿色合成研究

N-甲基吗啉生产的传统工艺条件苛刻,对设备腐蚀严重、对人体造成巨大危害、对环境造成严重污染.利用碳酸二甲酯和吗啉为原料合成了N-甲基吗啉,采用正交试验方法讨论了原料配比、反应时间、反应温度对收率的影响,并得出了优选反应工艺条件为:物料配比为n(C4H8NO):n(C3H6O3)=1:1.2,反应时间为3 h,反应温度为100 ℃.在此条件下的产品经色质联用仪检测,产品收率可以达到95%以上.结果表明:此法具有原料价廉易得、操作容易控制、不污染环境,是一条简单易行的典型的绿色合成途径.     

One-step formation of ethyl methyl ketone from 1-butene and water on ultrastable Y-type zeolite catalyst

Proton exchanged ultrastable Y-type zeolite with silica/alumina = 40 showed a pronounced catalytic activity for the formation of ethyl methyl ketone directly from 1-butene and water. The formation rate of ethyl methyl ketone was much higher than those on MoO₃-based catalysts in the oxidation of 1-butene by oxygen. It was suggested that the basic site necessary for the formation of ethyl ketone directly from 1-butene and water would be the pentacoordinated Al.     

Toughening of cycloaliphatic epoxy resins by poly(ethylene phthalate) and related copolyesters

Poly(ethylene phthalate) (PEP) and poly(ethylene phthalate–co‐ethylene terephthalate) were used to improve the brittleness of the cycloaliphatic epoxy resin 3,4‐epoxycyclohexylmethyl 3,4‐epoxycyclohexane carboxylate (Celoxide 2021?), cured with methyl hexahydrophthalic anhydride. The aromatic polyesters used were soluble in the epoxy resin without solvents and effective as modifiers for toughening the cured epoxy resin. For example, the inclusion of 20 wt % PEP (MW, 7400) led to a 130% increase in the fracture toughness (K_IC) of the cured resin with no loss of mechanical and thermal properties. The toughening mechanism is discussed in terms of the morphological and dynamic viscoelastic behaviors of the modified epoxy resin system. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 388–399, 2002; DOI 10.1002/app.10363     

The tribological behavior of micrometer and nanometer TiO2 particle‐filled poly(phthalazine ether sulfone ketone) composites

Micrometer and nanometer TiO₂ particle‐filled poly(phthalazine ether sulfone ketone) (PPESK) composites with various filler volume fractions from 0.5 to 7.5 vol % were prepared by heating compression molding. The friction and wear behaviors of the PPESK composites were evaluated using the block‐on‐ring test rig by sliding PPESK‐based composite blocks against a mild carbon steel ring under dry friction conditions. The wear debris and the worn surfaces of the PPESK composites filled with micrometer and nanometer TiO₂ particles were investigated by using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), while the structures of PPESK composites and wear debris were analyzed with IR spectra. Experimental results show that antiwear properties of the PPESK composites can be improved greatly by filling nanometer TiO₂ particles, and the friction coefficient decreases when the filler volume fraction is below 2.5%, but when the filler volume fraction is above 2.5% the friction coefficient increases gradually with increasing filler volume fraction. In the case of micrometer TiO₂ filler, wear rates increase with increasing filler volume fractions under identical test conditions, and the friction coefficients are less sensitive to the filler volume fraction. It was also found that the wear mechanism of micrometer TiO₂ particle‐filled PPESK is mainly severe adhesion and abrasive wear, while that of nanometer TiO₂ particle‐filled PPESK is mainly slight abrasive wear. In the former case, there are no transfer film formed on the surface of the counterpart steel, and wear debris are in the form of long and large ribbon. While in the latter case, the wear debris was granule and their size was about 10 μm. In case of 1 vol % nanometer TiO₂ particle‐filled PPESK composites, the transfer film was fairly thinner and smoother, and the transfer film provided better coverage on the surface of steel ring, while that of 7.5 vol % was thicker and discrete. These account for the different friction and wear behavior of micrometer and nanometer TiO₂ particle‐filled PPESK composite. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 92: 906–914, 2004     

Synthesis and properties of poly(aryl ether sulfone ether ketone ketone) (PESEKK)

4,4′‐bis(Phenoxy)diphenyl sulfone (DPODPS) was synthesized by reaction of phenol with bis(4‐chlorophenyl) sulfone in tetramethylene sulfone in the presence of NaOH. Two poly(aryl ether sulfone ether ketone ketone)s (PESKKs) with high molecular weight were prepared by low temperature solution polycondensation of DPODPS and terephthaloyl chloride (TPC) or isophthaloyl chloride (IPC), respectively, in 1,2‐dichloroethane and in the presence of aluminum chloride (AlCl₃) and N‐methylpyrrolidone (NMP). The resulting polymers were characterized by various analytical techniques, such as FT‐IR, ¹H‐NMR, DSC, TG, and WAXD. The results show that the T_g and T_d of PESEKKs are much higher, but its T_m is lower than those of PEKK. The other results indicate that PESEKKs exhibit excellent thermostabilities at 300 ± 10°C. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 489–493, 2005